Biology and Behavior Psychology

Though no researcher has proved that phobias and fear result from a physical condition, there is evidence that indicates phobic are abnormal in their physiological sensitivity. The locus ceruleus in the brain in the brain stem contains 70 percent of the noradrenalin in the brain and is thought to be the main control center for the fight-or-flight response. If your inherit an oversensitivity in this center, you experience the emergency response more frequently that a person whose brain is not overly sensitive. For instance, loud noises may only startle the normal person. For you, they might be the cause of a panic attack. Recognizing that it is a physical impossibility for the body to be relaxed and tense at the same time, behavioral psychologists advocate relaxation training. They teach diaphragmatic breathing, clenching and releasing of muscles, and body therapy as ways of reducing the physical reactions of a fight-or-flight response.

Phobias to Behaviorists

Behaviorists liken phobias to bad habits. They believe that if you can be conditioned to fear dogs or driving in cars, you can also be reconditioned by establishing new associations with the object of your fear. One of these behavioral techniques is systematic desensitization, a process of reducing the intensity of your fear by approaching and then entering the feared situation in graduated steps. Eventually you become acclimated, and the fear is gone. For instance, it you are phobic of dogs you might use imagines desensitization by imagining that you were first approaching, then petting, and finally picking up a dog. Or, as is now considered more efficient, you would practice in vivo or exposure desensitization. Accompanied by a therapist, you first approach a puppy, pet it, and pick it up and then go on to pet an older dog. The therapist rewards you with praise each with praise each time step, you eventually recondition yourself to the fear response. Exposure is the one treatment that most profession disciplines agree is a must in treating phobias. Research has shown that in vivo exposure is superior to imagine desensitization. I desensitized myself to my fear of leaving my safe place, and you can practice this kind of therapist on your own with any situation that causes anxiety.

The Behavioral option

Behavioral forms of treatment began as early as the 1920s when John B. Watson, the founder of the behavioral movement in psychology, proved that people could be conditioned to be afraid of objects that in themselves were not dangerous. For instance, Watson conditioned “little Albert” to fear his pet rat by causing the child to associate a frightening noise with the rat. Each time the clinician gave Albert his pet rat, he also struck a metal bar with a hammer. The loud noise was so frightening to the little boy that it brought tears. Soon as Albert cried whenever he swathe rat, even though the noise was eliminated. In like manner, Watson held that phobic’s are conditioned to their irrational fears because they associate a frightening experience with a specific place, object, or situation. For instance, if as a child you were afraid to be left at the day care center, and each time you arrived a certain song was played on the record player, you might for on apparent reason have a panic attack when you heard that song as an adult.

The Psychiatric option

It is based on the theory that people become phobic when they try to repress a childhood desire or a feeling that they believe in sinful of wrong, such as a sexual attraction to the parent of the opposite sex. Or, as adults, they may be over whelmed by “global anxiety”- a great deal of real or imagined stress such as that felt after the death of a loved one or when job security is threatened. Fearing that they will become detached from reality, these people protected themselves by focusing their anxiety away form the stressful loss or the repressed desire and placing it instead on a bridge, an elevator, or a cat. By substituting a less threatening inanimate object of an animal for the real concern the, they reduce the amount of fear they feel. And because they can control the fear by simply avoiding the phobic place or animal, they feel more secure.

The Options Market.

Options in phobia treatment today seem almost as numerous as the options available for trading on the stock market. They don’t fluctuate in value quite as quickly, but the consensus among treatment professionals about what works does change form year to year. One reason for this is that a phobia is a combination of physical, mental, and emotional problems. Some people are just born physiologically more sensitive to fear. It takes less of a threat to trigger their brain to send adrenaline coursing through the blood stream. At the same time, because of childhood influences, they may be unprepared emotionally to cope with stress in positive ways. These inappropriate reactions to stress lead to minor or major illnesses, such as ulcers, headaches, colitis, nervous stomach and high blood pressure. Therapies for treating phobias cover psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive and biological levels. Each treatment reflects a different belief about the cause of phobias and consequently a different way to overcome them

what works and what doesn't.

For phobias there are several different biological treatments, a number of cognitive and behavioral methods, a number of psychodynamic treatments, and I have treated patients with each of these and gotten good results with all of them…. What do we do? We’re not engaged in a horse race, trying to find out which treatment is best. The much more interesting question is to determine the specificity of actions that make the most sense-which treatment for which patient under which circumstance is most attractive. The audience, made up of phobics and the professionals who treat them, applauded for two reasons. First, these people knew only too well about the conflict among the scientific disciplines used to help phobic’s recover. And they also knew from experience that a treatment that works for one person doesn’t always work for another. A “package “of various treatments from which to select, other than a single one, seemed like the solution.

Outwitting the Wolves and Witches.

Because fear is such a universal experience, many childhood fairy tales deal with the subject of being afraid. These much loved stories teach us that big, bad wolves and wicked witches can be conquered, that if we take appropriate action, we can do away with villains. When we believe in our power to do this, we no longer have to be afraid. My FEAR- Smasher keys can work for you in much the same way. Because they have been proved to work, you can believe that it is possible for you to recover from a phobia and banish your fear forever. To help you master the keys, I will teach you techniques that have been devised by professionals who help people successfully combat fears and phobias. In later, I will share the exciting new research that has been done on specific kinds of phobias. I will combine all of this in the FEAR-Smasher keys so they will be easy for you to use.

How irrational fears changed my life

Fear of success that diminishes your ability to achieve, guilt because you got a divorce or parented less than perfect children, anguish that comes form an inner voice that tells you don't quite measure up-these emotions may not make your life as miserable as that of the agoraphobic who experiences outright terror, but they can still make you functions below par. I know this from my own experience. At 33, before I had a panic attack, I looked like a winner but felt like a loser. Others saw me as a successful business man with my own executive search firm. I had a better than average income, a loving wife and a beautiful home. We golfed and traveled. To hide my feelings of not deserving to be successful, however, I played the part of “good old Bob”, the guy who loves to have fun” with my friends.

Managing the life cycle

Every product has a life span in the market as the time goes there goes there is always a urgent need to modify, re-look our product so that it will survive in the market s you might have seen lots of older products like soaps shampoos to vehicles now again re-launched with some more added features in to the market. So this is all about how process of product development takes places in different companies it will help you to understand the demand of the market and how to develop and sell your products into the market. In life we have our needs and our own goals which need to be achieved by different means for achieving goal we face different kinds of problems some small or we can say easy some are big or difficult for this one needs to precede in systematic manner so this approach we can call as problem solving approach.

Various levels of development

Creativity
This step is all about coming with new ideas for your business and how you will deal with it whether idea is good or needs some kind of other tough ups or worth investing and effort in.
Defining the concept
This process requires determining the necessary investment ant the returns which you are expecting, you be to look the market potential for your product technical feasibility of it, effects on the existing products the competition you have to face and much more issues like this, after all this decision of investment and investment will be made.
Developing the concept
In this stage, you have to define the customer requirement and then accordingly prototype or pilot has to be translated, in reality the development will pass different stages as product and monitored.
Testing and finalizing the concept
This is also called as alpha beta testing as a fixed number of products released into the market and sales, customer, manufacturing and support organizations test and modify the product.

Man machine interactions

Product development is a process which any engineer should know it does not matter what ever the branch you are in. Every branch has hundreds of small and big products. Nowadays the trend is as first a technology needs to be invented and then standardize and then the size reduction and more features are added in to the product. A very common example which you have observed is mobile phones in India, when mobile phones hit Indian market in late nineties there were very less users and very few players and few choices in front of the consumer. There are vast choices in services instruments and a feature which of course you have also notices as a customer. Let me first explain you what is a good design although good design is almost impossible to define, common themes hold true across industry sectors and product types.

Memory depends on the genes.

Memory depends on its genetic structure and on the manager's power over this structure or intelligence therefore its efficiency will be the result of the effects of complementariness produced it is generally accepted that long term memory formation involves processes that alter gene expression and result in the synthesis of new proteins. This is achieved by a cascade of second messengers that activate genes in the DNA of the cell. These new proteins are thought to be involved in the increase number of synapse that has been demonstrated after long term memory formation. The verification of heritability of memory requires a much more complicated model than that of intelligence unless measurements of partial capacities can be obtained. For example, their first effect of complementariness would have to be isolated between memory and intelligence. Another factor could be the different potentials of the memory’s stratum of special memories.

Amnesia

HM (Milner et al) memory loss probably due to damage to the hippocampus probably other areas in the limbic system are involved too but these areas are most likely the site where short memory is consolidated into long term memory. Retrograde amnesia the memory before accident or injury is safe, person can show all skills learned in that stretch of time. Transit global amnesia is the condition in which new memory can not be stored and loss of the memory which was there already to memory is probably stored in the cortex, probably the sensory cortex appropriate for eh sensory modality by speaking about intelligence we have already anticipated the conceptual relations between logic and mathematical memory, intuition, and normal memory and between language and linguistic memory. Mathematical memory, which demands certainly in responses, should behave just like intelligence. However, it would not be surprising if other types of memory if other types of memory, such as normal memory or the capacity related to language – that characteristically admit errors and approximation-were a consequence of the same genetic information that acts to create mathematical memory, yet under the assumption contrary to that of external verification.

Logical structures

Like the things we use daily we keep them approachable for us in same manner. The information you need daily brain keeps it in the superficial layers of different categories of the memory the tools used by the brain are as follows: Automatic memory as the name system the information we use very often brain saves it in medium term memory and kept in the superficial layer, and the use of this information is only going to decide the fate of this. Logical structures the way you have read how computer stores the information with the help of pre establish logical books, actually this is the process used by brain and replicated for computer memory or we can say inspired. Once the information comes it goes directly to the prepared fields of particular function and automatically the information operation is launched and information finally stored.

Role and functions of brain in memory

Brain basically has many systems working for it from most complexes which is cortex to least complex brain stem. As you are aware everything is made up of neurons the molecular, chemical changes it this allow the storage of the information, which is the base of the memory for e.g. in case of long term memory there is full protein synthesis is needed for storage, where as in short term memory changes in neural pathway is needed. For this the multiple cellular changes takes place in the neuron, changes in the cell membrane is also needed. Brain uses methods to segregate the information, to compartmentalize and to store this information. There are layers in all types of memory like short term medium term as it depends upon the individual the way he uses the information that is only going to decide that whether your short term memory will become long term as you used it repetitively or if not used you will forged that is disposed.

Instantaneous memory

Instantaneous memory as clear form the world it is the immediate memory. sensory store retains the sensory image for only a small part of a second, just long enough to develop a perception short term memory last for about 20 to 30 second without rehearsal of the information with rehearsal continuous short term memory is also limited in terms of the number of items it can hold capacity is about 7 items can increase capacity by “chunking” (combine similar material into units) originally short term memory was perceived as a simple rehearsal buffer but it turns out to be more complicated: it is not limited to phonemic encoding, loss of information occurs by other means that simply decay and displacement, etc. perhaps short term memory is better modeled by the CPU of a computer; it has the ability to store a limited amount of information in its cache ram while it processes it … a sort of working memory long term memory has been suggested to be permanent: that nothing is forgotten only the means of retrieving it is lost supporting evidence includes the existence of flashbulb memories: vivid recollections of important events such as the Columbia Space shuttle crash.

Memory

The ability or power of our mind to store the past experiences of learning and utilizing them by reproducing at later stage is called as memory. Learning and memory are closely related. All learning involves remembering some past experience, but not all memory leads to learning. For example remembering sloga or foreign language without understanding its meaning cannot be considered as learning in the true sense.
Implicit Vs explicit: The implicit memory is stored independently in temporal lobes by the process called priming which is initiation of certain responses so that it can be remembered in the best form neural basis which is nothing shows the part of brain involved in that particular type of memory and how information is passed, to various part of brain that is the memory manager.
Explicit memory can be of two types
Episodic memory related with some particular episode e.g. picnic some accident etc
Semantic the general memory about friend, skills learned in school information about world for example historical figures the information which is not autobiographic.

factors affect retention

The retention is affected by the following factors
Time
If the information is revised over time the probability to retain it becomes higher.
Usage
If regularly used the retention is also for longer time.
Capacity
Sometimes the capacity of an individual is less to retain, in that case he may not be able to help.
Knowledge
When an individual has information about particular topic, can store data about that in memory and produce it when needed is called as knowledgeable. Knowledge is information of which some one is aware. Knowledge is also used to mean the confident understanding of a subject, potentially with the ability to use it for a specific purpose. The unreliability of memory limits the certainty of knowledge about the past, while unpredictability of events yet to occur limits the certainty of knowledge about the future. Epistemology is the philosophical study of the nature, origin and scope of knowledge.

Recognition

When people are presented with a stimulus and asked to identify whether they have been exposed to it previously is called as Recognition. The factors which affect the recognizing skill of any individual are
• Memory
It is the big factor as it is the information stored in our brain which helps us in joining all information.
• Learning
Our own learning about people, events, dates help us to recognize.
• Time
Sometime we can recognize a particular person but if we see him after a long time we take time, same way in exams you can answer all questions but after a gap of some period it is difficult to remember even the key points of that topic.
• Experience
We recognize things because of experience for example, a small baby cries when not in mothers lap because of experience baby can calculate that its not mothers lap.
• Knowledge
We recognize things because of our knowledge.
• Retention
The ability of a person to withstand the stimulus foe a certain period of time is Retention. The ability to retain things of memory. Memory retention is often expressed in percent. This percent expresses the ratio of the material remembered to the material learned. One year after a learning session, the retention usually approaches zero if there is no review in the meantime.