Brain functions

Defining brain functions in a single paragraph is not possible. The brain plays vital in coordination, balance, regulation, control, movement, perception, behavior, reflex, emotion, thinking , etc. if any part of the brain is damaged the body function will be collapsed. This chapters deals with the above mentioned important functions. We can say that perception is an individualized psychological process which helps any person in organizing and reading the complex patterns of sensory changes and giving necessary meaning to initiate the behavior response. In psychology and the cognitive sciences, perception is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting and organizing sensory information. Methods of studying perception range from essentially biological or physiological approaches, through psychological approaches to the often abstract ‘thought-experiments’ of mental philosophy.

Endomyocardial biopsy, CRP and inflammation

An endomyocardial biopsy is a procedure to obtain a small piece of heart muscle tissue for analysis under a microscope. It is performed quite rarely. It is generally done to determine if the patient has certain rare disorders of the heart muscle that are treated in a different fashion from the usual way heart failure is treated. Such disorders include myocarditis, sarcoidosis, hemachromatosis, amyloidosis, as well as rejection of a heart transplant. Atherosclerosis is caused by many factors. Inflammation of the walls of the blood vessels is one of the most important causes. Blood tests can assess an individual’s inflammatory state and therefore predict the risk of developing atherosclerosis. Inflammation of the blood vessels is promoted by many factors:
• Overweight
• Leading a sedentary lifestyle
• High fat diets
• Diabetes
• High blood pressure
• Certain hormones in the body
• Infections
• Cigarette smoking
• Emphysema and chronic bronchitis
• Autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus

CAT Scans and Tilt table test

In cardiology, we use CT scans to diagnose diseases of the aorta (the main blood vessel that delivers blood all over our bodies), diseases of the pericardium (the tissue that lines the out side of the heart), detect blood clots in the blood vessels that to the lungs (pulmonary em bolus) and detect growths or tumors in the chest that may be involving the whole part of the heart. Physiologists used to do experiments that involved putting a person on a table and gradually tilting it upright to study the effect of body position on their physiology. They noted that some people fainted during this procedure. Further study revealed that it was the aforementioned reflex that was responsible. The tilt table test is now used to determine if this reflex is indeed the cause for a person fainting if there are no other evident causes.

Angiogram (cardiac cauterization)

An angiogram is method to visualize the interior of an artery. Cardiac cauterization is method by which long, thin plastic tubes, called catheters, are inserted into a blood vessel in the leg or arm using a local anesthetic and then advanced under fluoroscopic guidance to the heart. Once they are in the heart. Once they are in the heart, the catheters, can measure the pressures within the chambers of the heart as well as how much blood the heart is actually pumping to the rest of the body. This lets doctors know how well the heart is working. It is also used to assess diseases of the heart values as well as congenital heart disease. However, the most common reason a cardiac cauterization is done is to perform a coronary angiogram, i.e. take a picture of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. This is accomplished by injecting an X-ray film through the catheters into the coronary arteries. Blockages in these arteries are what cause angina and heart attacks. Rather than producing still pictures, an actual X-ray movie is made other dye coursing through the arteries.

Blood pressure

Blood moves in circulation system under pressure, which is created by contraction of heart and nearby blood vessels so the force blood exerts against the vessel wall is called as blood pressure. Blood pressure is regulated by nervous system by controlling heart speed kidney by the amount of fluid in blood when our pressure is too high, kidneys remove water from bold, and lowering the total amount of fluid in the circulatory system blood pressure is usually measured in the artery supplying the upper arm. To measure blood pressure: Cuff is inflated around a persons arm – stopping the flow of blood through the artery. Air pressure in the cuff is slowly released. The first sounds of blood passing through the artery means that the ventricles have pump with enough force to overcome the pressure exerted by the cuff. This measurement is known as the systolic pressure or the pressure of the blood when it leaves the ventricles. Normal pressure is about 120 mm Hg for males, and 110 mm Hg for females.

Superior Drain

Vertically dividing the right and left sides of the heart is a common wall called the septum. The septum prevents the mixing of oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood. The right side of the heart (from body to lungs, deoxygenated blood-blue) Oxygen –poor from the body form the body enters the right side of the heart through two large blood vessels VENA CAVA. The superior (upper) vena cava brings blood from the upper part of the body to the heart. The inferior (lower) vena cava brings blood from the lower part of the body to the heart. Both vena cava empty into the right atrium. When the heart relaxes (between beats), pressure in the circulatory system causes the atrium to fill with blood. When the heart contracts, blood is squeezed from the right atrium into the right ventricle through flaps of tissue called atrioventricular value. The valve that separates the right atrium and ventricle is called the tricuspid value. The general purpose of all valves in the valves in the circulatory system is to prevent the backflow of blood. They also ensure that bold flows in only one direction. The specific purpose of the tricuspid valve is to prevent backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right ventricle contracts.

The Heart

The heart is a hollow, muscular organ that contracts at regular intervals, forcing bold through the circulatory system. The heart is cone-shaped, located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs directly being the sternum (breastbone). The heart is tilted so that the apex (the pointed end) is oriented to the left. The walls of the heart are made up of there layer of tissue. Outer and inner layers are epithelial tissue. The middle layer (the walls of the four chambers of the heart) is cardiac muscle tissue called the myocardium. Cardiac muscle tissue is not under conscious control of the nervous system. The heart can be thought of as two separate hearts inside one. The right side of the heart pumps blood from the body into the lungs, where oxygen poor blood (deoxygenated, usually shown in blue) gives up carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen.

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Circulatory System

The uptake of nutrients and oxygen form the environment by the animal cells and release off Carbon-di-oxide and other wastes to the same environment. The above process is very simple in the small aquatic organisms (paramecium and sea anemones) by using diffusion and membrane transport mechanisms. The circulatory system is not needed in the small aquatic organisms. But the vertebrates an other large animals have a cardiovascular system to pump the blood to various part of the body. The bold transports oxygen, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, metabolic wastes etc., The blood consist of different types of cells which has unique functions, Red blood cells ( RBC, Carries oxygen), white bold cells (WBC, fight against disease), Neutrophils (Ph) and osmotic pressure), Epsinophils (nutrient), Basophiles (excretion), leukocytes, Monocytes(immunity), Lymphocytes (immunity) and Platelets (clotting). Most of the cells in the human body are not in direct contact with the external environment. The circulatory system acts as a transport service for these cells. Two fluids move through the circulatory system: blood and lymph. The blood, heart , and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system.